Saturday, January 16, 2010

Henry Fayol's Biography


Henri Fayol (1841-1925) was a French management theorist whose theories in management and organization of labor were widely influential in the beginning of 20th century. He was a mining engineer who worked for a French mining company Commentry-Fourchamboult-Decazeville, first as an engineer. Then he moved into general management and became Managing Director from 1888 to 1918. During his tenure as Managing Director he wrote various articles on 'administration' and in 1916 the Bulletin de la Société de l’ Industrie Minérale, printed his "Administration, Industrielle et Générale – Prévoyance, Organisation, Commandement, Coordination, Contrôle". In 1949 the first English translation appeared: ‘General and Industrial Management’ by Constance Storrs.
Henri Fayol (Istanbul, 29 July 1841–Paris, 19 November 1925) was a French mining engineer, director of mines, and management theorist, who developed independent of the theory of Scientific Management, a general theory of business administration[1] also known as Fayolism. He was one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management.
Fayol was born in 1841 in a suburb of Istanbul, Turkey, where his father, an engineer, was appointed superintendent of works to build a bridge over the Golden Horn[1] (Galata Bridge). They returned to France in 1847. Fayol studied at the mining school "École Nationale Supérieure des Mines" in Saint-Étienne.
When 19 years old he started as an engineer at a mining company "Compagnie de Commentry-Fourchambeau-Decazeville" in Commentry. He became director in 1888, when the mine company employed over 1,000 people, and held that position over 30 years until 1918. By 1900 the company was one of the largest producers of iron and steel in France and was regarded as a vital industry.[1]
In 1916 he published his experience in the book "Administration Industrielle et Générale", only a few years after Frederick Winslow Taylor had published his theory of Scientific Management.
Fayolism
Fayolism is one of the first comprehensive statements of a general theory of management,[2] developed by Fayol. He has proposed that there are six primary functions of management and 14 principles of management[3]
forecasting
planning
organizing
commanding
coordinating
controlling

Controlling is described in the sense that a manager must receive feedback about a process in order to make necessary adjustments. Principles of Management
Division of work. This principle is the same as Adam Smith's 'division of labour'. Specialisation increases output by making employees more efficient.
Authority. Managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Note that responsibility arises wherever authority is exercised.
Discipline. Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organisation. Good discipline is the result of effective leadership, a clear understanding between management and workers regarding the organisation's rules, and the judicious use of penalties for infractions of the rules.
Unity of command. Every employee should receive orders from only one superior.
Unity of direction. Each group of organisational activities that have the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan.
Subordination of individual interests to the general interest. The interests of any one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organisation as a whole.
Remuneration. Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.
Centralisation. Centralisation refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making. Whether decision making is centralised (to management) or decentralised (to subordinates) is a question of proper proportion. The task is to find the optimum degree of centralisation for each situation.
Scalar chain. The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks represents the scalar chain. Communications should follow this chain. However, if following the chain creates delays, cross-communications can be allowed if agreed to by all parties and superiors are kept informed.
Order. People and materials should be in the right place at the right time.
Equity. Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.
Stability of tenure of personnel. High employee turnover is inefficient. Management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.
Initiative. Employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.
Esprit de corps. Promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organisation.
Fayol's work has stood the test of time and has been shown to be relevant and appropriate to contemporary management. Many of today’s management texts including Daft[4] have reduced the six functions to four: (1) planning; (2) organizing; (3) leading; and (4) controlling. Daft's text is organized around Fayol's four functions.

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  22. Fayol's work has stood the test of time and has been shown to be relevant and daun ungu untuk wasir appropriate to contemporary management.

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  23. چمن مصنوعی یک نوع کفپوش به شمار می آید که از لحاظ ظاهری و رنگ کاملا به چمن طبیعی تشابه داشته و از استقامت و دوام بسیار بالایی برخوردار می باشد.

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  24. چمن مصنوعی نسبت به چمن طبیعی از تراکم بالایی نیز برخوردار بوده و از لحاظ مقاومت می توان گفت قابل مقایسه با چمن طبیعی نمی باشد.

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  25. در مکان هایی که حاصلخیز نبوده و مشکل رشد تخم وجود دارد چمن مصنوعی جایگزین بسیار مناسبی می باشد، همچنین در مناطق سردسیر همانند کشورهای اروپایی که سرما مانع از رشد چمن می شود و یا در مناطقی مانند استوا که گرمای زیاد چمن را از بین می برد چمن مصنوعی می تواند انتخاب درستی باشد.

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  26. الیاف و رشته های چمن مصنوعی از پلیمر هایی مانند پلی پروپیلن و یا پلی اتیلن می باشد.

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  27. این چمن مصنوعی انتخاب مناسبی جهت استفاده در مکان های پرتردد، اطراف استخر، زمین بازی کودکان و زمین های ورزشی می باشد.

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  28. یکی از هیجان انگیز ترین کاربرد های چمن مصنوعی استفاده به عنوان دیوار سبز و یا گرین وال است.

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  29. نصب چمن مصنوعی دیواری به کمک دو نوع چسب صورت می پذیرد. چسب اول چسب صنعتی و چسب دوم چسب پلی اورتان است که عایق رطوبت و
    مقاوم به یخ زدگی می باشد

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  30. اولین کاری که برای نصب چمن مصنوعی دیواری باید انجام گیرد برش کاری چمن است. با توجه به ابعاد دیوار مورد نظر چمن مصنوعی سایز بندی شده و برش کاری می شود

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  31. سالهاست که بسیاری از طراحان دکوراسیون داخلی از چمن مصنوعی تزئینی به منظور ارائه طراحی های خاص تر بر روی دیوار استفاده می کنند که بسیار هم مورد استقبال کارفرمایان قرار گرفته است.

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  32. شما می توانید از چمن مصنوعی دیواری در داخل منزل خود بهره ببرید چرا که زیبایی چمن مصنوعی بر روی دیوار چه بسا بیشتر از چمن مصنوعی بر روی سطح افقی به چشم می آید و حال و هوای بهتری به منزل شما خواهد بخشید.

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  33. رنگ سبز به واسطه حس آرامش بخشی که با انسان القا می کند و انرژی مثبتی که در فضا ایجاد می کند گزینه بسیار مناسبی برای استفاده و تزئین روی دیوار بوده. بر همین اساس کارفرمایان و مدیران شرکت ها و ادارات برای تلطیف فضا و ایجاد حس دوستانه بین کارمندان از چمن مصنوعی دیواری بسیار استقبال می کنند.

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  34. دفاتر اداری و محیط های کاری معمولا دارای قسمت ها مختلف مانند ورودی، لابی، پذیرش، اتاق مدیریت، اتاق جلسه، سالن گردهمایی، حیات، تراس، دفتر کارمندان و ... می باشند، چمن مصنوعی دیواری در تمام این مکان ها قابل استفاده و نصب می باشد.

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  35. تولید چمن مصنوعی بسیار تخصصی بوده و از پیچیدگی خاصی برخوردار است و در هر مرحله جمعی از متخصصین در آن فعالیت می کنند.

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  36. تولید چمن مصنوعی حیاط به رعایت استانداردهای خاصی می باشد و به کار بردن هر گونه مواد سمی و مخرب محیط زیست ممنوع می باشد

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  37. فرآیند تولید الیاف مورد استفاده در چمن مصنوعی حیاط را اکستروژن می نامند

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  38. وزن نخ چمن مصنوعی حیاط که همان دیتکس نامیده می شود و با توجه به شکل های نخ تولید شده متفاوت است

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  39. پس از تولید رشته های چمن مصنوعی نوبت به بافت چمن مصنوعیمیرسدکه طی سه مرحله گره زنی، زیر سازی و کنترل کیفیت انجام می شود.

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  40. عامل مهم که در قیمت چمن مصنوعی موثر است ارتفاع چمن می باشد

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  41. تراکم چمن مصنوعی نیز یک عامل بسیار بسیار تاثیر گذار بر قیمت چمن مصنوعی است بطوریکه هر چه تراکم چمن بالا باشد قیمت آن نیز افزایش می یابد.

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  42. عامل تاثیر گذار بر قیمت چمن مصنوعی دست دوم شکل الیاف چمن مصنوعی است. که عموما C ، U و V شکل هستند.

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  43. چمن مصنوعی دست دوم با توجه به نوع کاربری که داشته ممکن است تحت تاثیرعوامل خارجی دچار آسیب دیدگی شود که همه این عوامل نیز تاثیر بسیار زیادی برکاهش قیمت چمن مصنوعی دست دوم خواهند داشت

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  44. در برخی موارد مثل استفاده از چمن مصنوعی در ورزشگاه ها و زمین های فوتبال امکان سابیده شدن در نقاطی از چمن مصنوعی وجود دارد به سطح و ساختار چمن دقت کنید و ازعدم سابیده شدن و خارج شدن از حالت طبیعی اطمینان حاصل کنید

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  45. وجود سابیدگی و له شدگی تا حدی میتواند در کاهش قیمت چمن مصنوعی دست دوم موثر باشد.

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  46. در هنگام خرید چمن مصنوعی دست دوم آن را از لحاظ کدر شدگی و رنگ پریدگی به خوبی بررسی کنید

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  47. بررسی سوختگی بر اثر استعمال دخانیات و استفاده از مواد شوینده اسیدی و سفید کننده ها و از این دست اتفاقات که به بافت چمن مصنوعی صدمه می زند

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  48. داشتن کوچکترین پارگی در چمن مصنوعی دست دوم به مرور زمان و در اثر استفاده بیشتر می شود و هم زیبایی آن را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد که دیگر جذابیتی نخواهد داشت

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  49. داشتن پارگی در چمن مصنوعی می تواند عمل کاهنده بعدی در قیمت چمن مصنوعی دست دوم باشد.

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  50. هر چه متراژ های چمن مصنوعی بیشتر باشد و یک تکه باشد بیشتر و راحت تر مورد استفاده قرار می گیردو بر عکس هر چه چمن مصنوعی دست دوم در ابعاد کوچک تر و تکه تکه باشد استفاده و نصب آن کار آسانی نبوده و بر زیبایی فضا تاثیر زیادی می گذارد

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  51. استفاده از چمن مصنوعی گزینه مقرون به صرفه ای جهت زیبا سازی و القا کننده حس طراوت و نشاط در دکوراسیون داخلی می باشد.

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  53. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  54. گواهینامه‌ی
    ایزو به‌عنوانِ استانداردی ضروری در نظر گرفته می‌شود که شرکت‌ها برای بهبودِ رضایتِ مشتری و ارائه‌ی محصولات و خدماتِ اولیه‌ی باکیفیت، باید از آن استفاده کنند

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  55. استفاده از چمن مصنوعی تک گراس در زیبا سازی حیاط منازل یک روش نوین و مدرن به حساب می آید.

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  56. با خرید چمن مصنوعی
    مناسب در هزینه های مربوط به فضای سبز و دکوراسیون خانه خود صرفه جویی کنید

    ReplyDelete