Antileadership arguments

According to the antileadership argument, leadership has a smaller impact on organizational outcomes.
The two major arguments against the importance of leadership are substitute for leadership, and leadership irrelevance.

Arguments:
 Leadership substitutes
 Leadership irrelevance

Leadership substitutes:
 Closely knit teams of highly skilled professionals(air traffic)
 Intrinsic satisfaction
 Computer technology
 Professional norms

LEADERS’ IRRELEVANCE:
1. Leadership is irrelevant to most organizational outcomes
Factors outside leadership control have large impact on outcomes
(1990s.. people working at home… demand for computers)
2. Limited control over consumers and stockholders.